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Lower back

Non-Specific Low Back Pain

An overview of what published studies describe for Non-Specific Low Back Pain — exercises with their evidence strength, plus prevention insights. Educational information, not medical advice.

Exercises from studies: 23 · Prevention insights: 12

Exercises from studies

Exercise approaches that clinical studies investigated for this condition, with the strength of the evidence.

Back School / Back Education

Moderate evidence
What studies found

The theoretical-practical programme based on the Back School seems to have beneficial effects on low back functionality and reduced medical visits due to LBP

How often (in studies)
2 sessions per week
Session length
45 minutes
What it looks like
Theoretical-practical programme: 14 practical sessions (trunk stabilisation exercises, stretching, joint mobility) and 2 theoretical sessions (anatomy, biomechanics, psychosocial factors); structured as doubts review, warm-up, main part, cool-down

Source: PubMed 34830649

General Home Exercise

Moderate evidence
What studies found

low to moderate quality evidence that it provides similar outcomes to other forms of exercises

How often (in studies)
daily basis
Session length
20 minutes
What it looks like
4 rehabilitation phases: Phase-I Activation phase, Phase-II Skill precision, Phase-III Superficial and deep muscle co-activation, Phase-IV Functional re-education

Source: PubMed 26742533

🔒Heat Therapy (Self-Applied)Moderate evidence
🔒McKenzie Method (Home)Moderate evidence
🔒Patient EducationModerate evidence
🔒Self-Massage / Foam RollingModerate evidence
🔒ACT Self-HelpLimited evidence
🔒Advice to Stay ActiveLimited evidence
🔒Aerobic Exercise (Home)Limited evidence
🔒Breathing ExercisesLimited evidence
🔒CBT Self-HelpLimited evidence
🔒Cold Therapy (Self-Applied)Limited evidence
🔒Core Stabilization (Home)Limited evidence
🔒Mindfulness / MeditationLimited evidence
🔒Pain Neuroscience EducationLimited evidence
🔒Pilates (Home)Limited evidence
🔒Postural ExerciseLimited evidence
🔒Relaxation TechniquesLimited evidence
🔒Self-Management ProgramLimited evidence
🔒Strengthening (Home)Limited evidence
🔒Tai Chi (Home Practice)Limited evidence
🔒Walking ProgramLimited evidence
🔒Yoga (Home Practice)Limited evidence

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Prevention

What research links to lower or higher risk — described from published studies.

Maintenance Exercise Program

Shown in prevention studies

This systematic review reported low- to very low-quality evidence that exercise by itself could lower two risks - an LBP episode (0.65 [0.50-0.86]) and taking sick leave (0.22 [0.06-0.76]).

Exercise + Education Combined

Shown in prevention studies

This systematic review found moderate-quality evidence that pairing exercise with education lowers the chance of an LBP episode (0.55 [0.41-0.74]), alongside low-quality evidence showing no impact on sick leave (0.74 [0.44-1.26]).

Fear-Avoidance Prevention (Graded Exposure)

Risk factor in studies

This systematic review describes building activity tolerance through individualised, submaximal exercise, together with disregarding illness behaviours and reinforcing wellness behaviours.

Physical Activity (150 min/week)

Shown in prevention studies

This study concluded that a combination of strengthening with either stretching or aerobic exercise, performed 2-3 times per week, can reasonably be recommended for preventing LBP in the general population.

Patient Education + Self-Management

Risk factor in studies

In people with acute or subacute LBP, this systematic review found that intensive patient education appears effective.

Psychosocial Prevention (CBT-based)

Risk factor in studies

This study describes applying risk stratification - the STarT Back risk assessment tool, for instance - at a person's first contact with a healthcare professional over any fresh low-back-pain episode, sciatica present or not, to guide shared decisions on stratified management.

Smoking Cessation

Risk factor in studies

a positive causal effect of smoking on back pain

Weight Management (BMI <25)

Risk factor in studies

This source indicates that obese individuals appear to be at greatest risk of reporting low back pain.

Return to Work Program

Risk factor in studies

It stays uncertain, this systematic review concluded, whether physical conditioning within a return-to-work strategy reduces sick leave for workers with back pain relative to usual care or exercise therapy.

Self-Management Program

Risk factor in studies

Recommended by CPG consensus: 5/13 acute, 3/11 subacute, 3/14 chronic, 5/5 unspecified duration CPGs. Biopsychosocial model strongly recommended.

Sleep Hygiene (7-9h)

Risk factor in studies

CBTi integrated in BEPM should be considered in the treatment of patients with nCSP and comorbid insomnia

Workplace Rehabilitation Program

Risk factor in studies

This review failed to identify high-quality studies that supported any of the Bradford-Hill criteria to establish causality between occupational carrying and LBP

🚩 When to see a doctor

Some symptoms call for a medical check before any exercise: severe pain after an injury, numbness or tingling, weakness, fever with pain, night pain that does not ease, or bladder/bowel changes. If any of these are present, see a doctor first.

More safety signs

Healthcare professional?

The professional platform adds full source traceability — every data point leads to the exact study page.

Professional evidence

Educational InformationPhysioSense is an educational reference tool based on published research. It does NOT replace a medical examination or physiotherapy assessment. If you have severe pain, new symptoms, or are unsure — see a doctor or physiotherapist. You always make the final decision about your exercise. Pain is a signal to stop.